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[Editorial] Formatted roman numerals throughout
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<p>It is very curious thus to see in the midst of a civilized people, a set of harmless savages wandering about without knowing where they shall sleep at night, and gaining their livelihood by hunting in the woods. As the white man has travelled onwards, he has spread over the country belonging to several tribes. These, although thus enclosed by one common people, keep up their ancient distinctions, and sometimes go to war with each other. In an engagement which took place lately, the two parties most singularly chose the centre of the village of Bathurst for the field of battle. This was of service to the defeated side, for the runaway warriors took refuge in the barracks.</p>
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<p>The number of aborigines is rapidly decreasing. In my whole ride, with the exception of some boys brought up by Englishmen, I saw only one other party. This decrease, no doubt, must be partly owing to the introduction of spirits, to European diseases (even the milder ones of which, such as the measles,<a href="endnotes.xhtml#note-157" id="noteref-157" epub:type="noteref">157</a> prove very destructive), and to the gradual extinction of the wild animals. It is said that numbers of their children invariably perish in very early infancy from the effects of their wandering life; and as the difficulty of procuring food increases, so must their wandering habits increase; and hence the population, without any apparent deaths from famine, is repressed in a manner extremely sudden compared to what happens in civilized countries, where the father, though in adding to his labour he may injure himself, does not destroy his offspring.</p>
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<p>Besides the several evident causes of destruction, there appears to be some more mysterious agency generally at work. Wherever the European has trod, death seems to pursue the aboriginal. We may look to the wide extent of the Americas, Polynesia, the Cape of Good Hope, and Australia, and we find the same result. Nor is it the white man alone that thus acts the destroyer; the Polynesian of Malay extraction has in parts of the East Indian archipelago, thus driven before him the dark-coloured native. The varieties of man seem to act on each other in the same way as different species of animals—the stronger always extirpating the weaker. It was melancholy at New Zealand to hear the fine energetic natives saying that they knew the land was doomed to pass from their children. Every one has heard of the inexplicable reduction of the population in the beautiful and healthy island of Tahiti since the date of Captain Cook’s voyages: although in that case we might have expected that it would have been increased; for infanticide, which formerly prevailed to so extraordinary a degree, has ceased; profligacy has greatly diminished, and the murderous wars become less frequent.</p>
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<p>The <abbr>Rev.</abbr> J. Williams, in his interesting work,<a href="endnotes.xhtml#note-158" id="noteref-158" epub:type="noteref">158</a> says, that the first intercourse between natives and Europeans, “is invariably attended with the introduction of fever, dysentery, or some other disease, which carries off numbers of the people.” Again he affirms, “It is certainly a fact, which cannot be controverted, that most of the diseases which have raged in the islands during my residence there, have been introduced by ships;<a href="endnotes.xhtml#note-159" id="noteref-159" epub:type="noteref">159</a> and what renders this fact remarkable is, that there might be no appearance of disease among the crew of the ship which conveyed this destructive importation.” This statement is not quite so extraordinary as it at first appears; for several cases are on record of the most malignant fevers having broken out, although the parties themselves, who were the cause, were not affected. In the early part of the reign of George <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span>., a prisoner who had been confined in a dungeon, was taken in a coach with four constables before a magistrate; and although the man himself was not ill, the four constables died from a short putrid fever; but the contagion extended to no others. From these facts it would almost appear as if the effluvium of one set of men shut up for some time together was poisonous when inhaled by others; and possibly more so, if the men be of different races. Mysterious as this circumstance appears to be, it is not more surprising than that the body of one’s fellow-creature, directly after death, and before putrefaction has commenced, should often be of so deleterious a quality, that the mere puncture from an instrument used in its dissection, should prove fatal.</p>
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<p>The <abbr>Rev.</abbr> J. Williams, in his interesting work,<a href="endnotes.xhtml#note-158" id="noteref-158" epub:type="noteref">158</a> says, that the first intercourse between natives and Europeans, “is invariably attended with the introduction of fever, dysentery, or some other disease, which carries off numbers of the people.” Again he affirms, “It is certainly a fact, which cannot be controverted, that most of the diseases which have raged in the islands during my residence there, have been introduced by ships;<a href="endnotes.xhtml#note-159" id="noteref-159" epub:type="noteref">159</a> and what renders this fact remarkable is, that there might be no appearance of disease among the crew of the ship which conveyed this destructive importation.” This statement is not quite so extraordinary as it at first appears; for several cases are on record of the most malignant fevers having broken out, although the parties themselves, who were the cause, were not affected. In the early part of the reign of George <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span>, a prisoner who had been confined in a dungeon, was taken in a coach with four constables before a magistrate; and although the man himself was not ill, the four constables died from a short putrid fever; but the contagion extended to no others. From these facts it would almost appear as if the effluvium of one set of men shut up for some time together was poisonous when inhaled by others; and possibly more so, if the men be of different races. Mysterious as this circumstance appears to be, it is not more surprising than that the body of one’s fellow-creature, directly after death, and before putrefaction has commenced, should often be of so deleterious a quality, that the mere puncture from an instrument used in its dissection, should prove fatal.</p>
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<p>17th.—Early in the morning we passed the Nepean in a ferry-boat. The river, although at this spot both broad and deep, had a very small body of running water. Having crossed a low piece of land on the opposite side, we reached the slope of the Blue Mountains. The ascent is not steep, the road having been cut with much care on the side of a sandstone cliff. On the summit an almost level plain extends, which, rising imperceptibly to the westward, at last attains a height of more than 3000 feet. From so grand a title as Blue Mountains, and from their absolute altitude, I expected to have seen a bold chain of mountains crossing the country; but instead of this, a sloping plain presents merely an inconsiderable front to the low land near the coast. From this first slope, the view of the extensive woodland to the east was striking, and the surrounding trees grew bold and lofty. But when once on the sandstone platform, the scenery becomes exceedingly monotonous; each side of the road is bordered by scrubby trees of the never-failing Eucalyptus family; and with the exception of two or three small inns, there are no houses or cultivated land: the road, moreover, is solitary; the most frequent object being a bullock-waggon, piled up with bales of wool.</p>
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<p>In the middle of the day we baited our horses at a little inn, called the Weatherboard. The country here is elevated 2800 feet above the sea. About a mile and a half from this place there is a view exceedingly well worth visiting. Following down a little valley and its tiny rill of water, an immense gulf unexpectedly opens through the trees which border the pathway, at the depth of perhaps 1500 feet. Walking on a few yards, one stands on the brink of a vast precipice, and below one sees a grand bay or gulf, for I know not what other name to give it, thickly covered with forest. The point of view is situated as if at the head of a bay, the line of cliff diverging on each side, and showing headland behind headland, as on a bold sea-coast. These cliffs are composed of horizontal strata of whitish sandstone; and are so absolutely vertical, that in many places a person standing on the edge and throwing down a stone, can see it strike the trees in the abyss below. So unbroken is the line of cliff, that in order to reach the foot of the waterfall, formed by this little stream, it is said to be necessary to go sixteen miles round. About five miles distant in front, another line of cliff extends, which thus appears completely to encircle the valley; and hence the name of bay is justified, as applied to this grand amphitheatrical depression. If we imagine a winding harbour, with its deep water surrounded by bold cliff-like shores, to be laid dry, and a forest to spring up on its sandy bottom, we should then have the appearance and structure here exhibited. This kind of view was to me quite novel, and extremely magnificent.</p>
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<p>In the evening we reached the Blackheath. The sandstone plateau has here attained the height of 3400 feet; and is covered, as before, with the same scrubby woods. From the road, there were occasional glimpses into a profound valley, of the same character as the one described; but from the steepness and depth of its sides, the bottom was scarcely ever to be seen. The Blackheath is a very comfortable inn, kept by an old soldier; and it reminded me of the small inns in North Wales.</p>
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<p><abbr>Mr.</abbr> Horner and Sir David Brewster have described (Philosophical Transactions, 1836, <abbr>p.</abbr> 65) a singular “artificial substance resembling shell.” It is deposited in fine, transparent, highly polished, brown-coloured laminae, possessing peculiar optical properties, on the inside of a vessel, in which cloth, first prepared with glue and then with lime, is made to revolve rapidly in water. It is much softer, more transparent, and contains more animal matter, than the natural incrustation at Ascension; but we here again see the strong tendency which carbonate of lime and animal matter evince to form a solid substance allied to shell. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-1.xhtml#noteref-7" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-8" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Pers. Narr., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">v</span>., pt. 1., <abbr>p.</abbr> 18. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-1.xhtml#noteref-8" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>Pers. Narr., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span>, pt. 1., <abbr>p.</abbr> 18. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-1.xhtml#noteref-8" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-9" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>M. Montagne, in Comptes Rendus, <abbr>etc.</abbr>, Juillet, 1844; and Annal. des Scienc. Nat., <abbr>Dec.</abbr> 1844 <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-1.xhtml#noteref-9" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-10" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>M. Lesson (Voyage de la Coquille, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>., <abbr>p.</abbr> 255) mentions red water off Lima, apparently produced by the same cause. Peron, the distinguished naturalist, in the Voyage aux Terres Australes, gives no less than twelve references to voyagers who have alluded to the discoloured waters of the sea (<abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 239). To the references given by Peron may be added, Humboldt’s Pers. Narr., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">vi</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 804; Flinder’s Voyage, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 92; Labillardiere, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 287; Ulloa’s Voyage; Voyage of the Astrolabe and of the Coquille; Captain King’s Survey of Australia, <abbr>etc.</abbr> <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-1.xhtml#noteref-10" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>M. Lesson (Voyage de la Coquille, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span>, <abbr>p.</abbr> 255) mentions red water off Lima, apparently produced by the same cause. Peron, the distinguished naturalist, in the Voyage aux Terres Australes, gives no less than twelve references to voyagers who have alluded to the discoloured waters of the sea (<abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 239). To the references given by Peron may be added, Humboldt’s Pers. Narr., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 804; Flinder’s Voyage, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 92; Labillardiere, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 287; Ulloa’s Voyage; Voyage of the Astrolabe and of the Coquille; Captain King’s Survey of Australia, <abbr>etc.</abbr> <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-1.xhtml#noteref-10" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-11" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Venda, the Portuguese name for an inn. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-11" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>Annales des Sciences Naturelles for 1833. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-12" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-13" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I have described and named these species in the Annals of Nat. Hist., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">xiv</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 241. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-13" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>I have described and named these species in the Annals of Nat. Hist., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XIV</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 241. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-13" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-14" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I am greatly indebted to <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Waterhouse for his kindness in naming for me this and many other insects, and giving me much valuable assistance. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-14" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-15" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Kirby’s Entomology, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 317. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-15" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>Kirby’s Entomology, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 317. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-15" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-16" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Mr.</abbr> Doubleday has lately described (before the Entomological Society, March 3rd, 1845) a peculiar structure in the wings of this butterfly, which seems to be the means of its making its noise. He says, “It is remarkable for having a sort of drum at the base of the fore wings, between the costal nervure and the subcostal. These two nervures, moreover, have a peculiar screw-like diaphragm or vessel in the interior.” I find in Langsdorff’s travels (in the years 1803–7, <abbr>p.</abbr> 74) it is said, that in the island of <abbr>St.</abbr> Catherine’s on the coast of Brazil, a butterfly called Februa Hoffmanseggi, makes a noise, when flying away, like a rattle. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-16" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>I may mention, as a common instance of one day’s (June 23rd) collecting, when I was not attending particularly to the Coleoptera, that I caught sixty-eight species of that order. Among these, there were only two of the Carabidae, four Brachelytra, fifteen Rhyncophora, and fourteen of the Chrysomelidae. Thirty-seven species of Arachnidae, which I brought home, will be sufficient to prove that I was not paying overmuch attention to the generally favoured order of Coleoptera. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-17" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-18" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>In a <abbr>MS.</abbr> in the British Museum by <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Abbott, who made his observations in Georgia; see <abbr>Mr.</abbr> A. White’s paper in the “Annals of Nat. Hist.,” <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">vii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 472. <abbr>Lieut.</abbr> Hutton has described a sphex with similar habits in India, in the “Journal of the Asiatic Society,” <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 555. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-18" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>In a <abbr>MS.</abbr> in the British Museum by <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Abbott, who made his observations in Georgia; see <abbr>Mr.</abbr> A. White’s paper in the “Annals of Nat. Hist.,” <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 472. <abbr>Lieut.</abbr> Hutton has described a sphex with similar habits in India, in the “Journal of the Asiatic Society,” <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 555. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-18" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-19" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Don Felix Azara (<abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 175), mentioning a hymenopterous insect, probably of the same genus, says he saw it dragging a dead spider through tall grass, in a straight line to its nest, which was one hundred and sixty-three paces distant. He adds that the wasp, in order to find the road, every now and then made “demi-tours d’environ trois palmes.” <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-19" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>Don Felix Azara (<abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 175), mentioning a hymenopterous insect, probably of the same genus, says he saw it dragging a dead spider through tall grass, in a straight line to its nest, which was one hundred and sixty-three paces distant. He adds that the wasp, in order to find the road, every now and then made “demi-tours d’environ trois palmes.” <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-19" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-20" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Azara’s Voyage, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 213 <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-20" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>Azara’s Voyage, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 213 <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-2.xhtml#noteref-20" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-21" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Hearne’s Journey, <abbr>p.</abbr> 383. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-21" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>Maclaren, art. “America,” Encyclop. Brittann. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-22" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-23" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Azara says, “Je crois que la quantite annuelle des pluies est, dans toutes ces contrees, plus considerable qu’en Espagne.”—<abbr>Vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 36. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-23" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>Azara says, “Je crois que la quantite annuelle des pluies est, dans toutes ces contrees, plus considerable qu’en Espagne.”—<abbr>Vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 36. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-23" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-24" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>In South America I collected altogether twenty-seven species of mice, and thirteen more are known from the works of Azara and other authors. Those collected by myself have been named and described by <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Waterhouse at the meetings of the Zoological Society. I must be allowed to take this opportunity of returning my cordial thanks to <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Waterhouse, and to the other gentleman attached to that Society, for their kind and most liberal assistance on all occasions. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-24" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>At the R. Negro, in Northern Patagonia, there is an animal of the same habits, and probably a closely allied species, but which I never saw. Its noise is different from that of the Maldonado kind; it is repeated only twice instead of three or four times, and is more distinct and sonorous; when heard from a distance it so closely resembles the sound made in cutting down a small tree with an axe, that I have sometimes remained in doubt concerning it. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-26" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-27" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Philosoph. Zoolog., tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 242. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-27" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>Philosoph. Zoolog., tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 242. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-27" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-28" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Magazine of Zoology and Botany, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 217. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-28" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>Magazine of Zoology and Botany, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 217. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-28" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-29" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Read before the Academy of Sciences in Paris. L’Institut, 1834, <abbr>p.</abbr> 418. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-29" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-30" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Geolog. Transact. <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 528. In the Philosoph. Transact. (1790, <abbr>p.</abbr> 294) <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Priestly has described some imperfect siliceous tubes and a melted pebble of quartz, found in digging into the ground, under a tree, where a man had been killed by lightning. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-30" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>Geolog. Transact. <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 528. In the Philosoph. Transact. (1790, <abbr>p.</abbr> 294) <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Priestly has described some imperfect siliceous tubes and a melted pebble of quartz, found in digging into the ground, under a tree, where a man had been killed by lightning. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-30" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-31" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Annals de Chimie et de Physique, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">xxxvii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 319. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-31" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>Annals de Chimie et de Physique, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXXVII</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 319. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-31" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-32" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Azara’s Voyage, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 36. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-32" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Azara’s Voyage, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 36. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-3.xhtml#noteref-32" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-33" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>The corral is an enclosure made of tall and strong stakes. Every estancia, or farming estate, has one attached to it. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-4.xhtml#noteref-33" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
|
|||
<p>Report of the Agricult. Chem. Assoc. in the Agricult. Gazette, 1845, <abbr>p.</abbr> 93. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-4.xhtml#noteref-35" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-36" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Linnaean Trans., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">xi</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 205. It is remarkable how all the circumstances connected with the salt-lakes in Siberia and Patagonia are similar. Siberia, like Patagonia, appears to have been recently elevated above the waters of the sea. In both countries the salt-lakes occupy shallow depressions in the plains; in both the mud on the borders is black and fetid; beneath the crust of common salt, sulphate of soda or of magnesium occurs, imperfectly crystallized; and in both, the muddy sand is mixed with lentils of gypsum. The Siberian salt-lakes are inhabited by small crustaceous animals; and flamingoes (Edin. New Philos. Jour., Jan 1830) likewise frequent them. As these circumstances, apparently so trifling, occur in two distant continents, we may feel sure that they are the necessary results of a common cause—See Pallas’s Travels, 1793 to 1794, <abbr>pp.</abbr> 129 - 134. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-4.xhtml#noteref-36" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Linnaean Trans., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 205. It is remarkable how all the circumstances connected with the salt-lakes in Siberia and Patagonia are similar. Siberia, like Patagonia, appears to have been recently elevated above the waters of the sea. In both countries the salt-lakes occupy shallow depressions in the plains; in both the mud on the borders is black and fetid; beneath the crust of common salt, sulphate of soda or of magnesium occurs, imperfectly crystallized; and in both, the muddy sand is mixed with lentils of gypsum. The Siberian salt-lakes are inhabited by small crustaceous animals; and flamingoes (Edin. New Philos. Jour., Jan 1830) likewise frequent them. As these circumstances, apparently so trifling, occur in two distant continents, we may feel sure that they are the necessary results of a common cause—See Pallas’s Travels, 1793 to 1794, <abbr>pp.</abbr> 129 - 134. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-4.xhtml#noteref-36" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-37" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>I am bound to express in the strongest terms, my obligation to the government of Buenos Ayres for the obliging manner in which passports to all parts of the country were given me, as naturalist of the Beagle. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-4.xhtml#noteref-37" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
|
|||
<p>This prophecy has turned out entirely and miserably wrong. 1845. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-4.xhtml#noteref-38" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-39" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Voyage dans l’Amerique Merid. par M. A. d’Orbigny. Part. Hist. tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 664. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-4.xhtml#noteref-39" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Voyage dans l’Amerique Merid. par M. A. d’Orbigny. Part. Hist. tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 664. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-4.xhtml#noteref-39" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-40" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Since this was written, M. Alcide d’Orbingy has examined these shells, and pronounces them all to be recent. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-40" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -133,7 +133,7 @@
|
|||
<p>M. <abbr>Aug.</abbr> Bravard has described, in a Spanish work (‘Observaciones Geologicas,’ 1857), this district, and he believes that the bones of the extinct mammals were washed out of the underlying Pampean deposit, and subsequently became embedded with the still existing shells; but I am not convinced by his remarks. M. Bravard believes that the whole enormous Pampean deposit is a sub-aerial formation, like sand-dunes: this seems to me to be an untenable doctrine. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-41" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-42" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Principles of Geology, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iv</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 40. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-42" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Principles of Geology, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 40. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-42" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-43" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>This theory was first developed in the Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, and subsequently in Professor Owen’s Memoir on Mylodon robustus. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-43" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
|
|||
<p>I mean this to exclude the total amount which may have been successively produced and consumed during a given period. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-44" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-45" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Travels in the Interior of South Africa, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 207 <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-45" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Travels in the Interior of South Africa, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 207 <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-45" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-46" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>The elephant which was killed at Exeter Change was estimated (being partly weighed) at five tons and a half. The elephant actress, as I was informed, weighed one ton less; so that we may take five as the average of a full-grown elephant. I was told at the Surry Gardens, that a hippopotamus which was sent to England cut up into pieces was estimated at three tons and a half; we will call it three. From these premises we may give three tons and a half to each of the five rhinoceroses; perhaps a ton to the giraffe, and half to the bos caffer as well as to the elan (a large ox weighs from 1200 to 1500 pounds). This will give an average (from the above estimates) of 2.7 of a ton for the ten largest herbivorous animals of Southern Africa. In South America, allowing 1200 pounds for the two tapirs together, 550 for the guanaco and vicuna, 500 for three deer, 300 for the capybara, peccari, and a monkey, we shall have an average of 250 pounds, which I believe is overstating the result. The ratio will therefore be as 6048 to 250, or 24 to 1, for the ten largest animals from the two continents. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-46" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -157,25 +157,25 @@
|
|||
<p>See Humboldt, Fragments Asiatiques, <abbr>p.</abbr> 386: Barton’s Geography of Plants: and Malte Brun. In the latter work it is said that the limit of the growth of trees in Siberia may be drawn under the parallel of 70 degs. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-49" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-50" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Sturt’s Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 74. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-50" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Sturt’s Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 74. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-50" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-51" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>A Gaucho assured me that he had once seen a snow-white or Albino variety, and that it was a most beautiful bird. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-51" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-52" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Burchell’s Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 280. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-52" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Burchell’s Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 280. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-52" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-53" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Azara, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iv</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 173. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-53" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Azara, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 173. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-53" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-54" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Lichtenstein, however, asserts (Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 25) that the hens begin sitting when they have laid ten or twelve eggs; and that they continue laying, I presume, in another nest. This appears to me very improbable. He asserts that four or five hens associate for incubation with one cock, who sits only at night. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-54" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Lichtenstein, however, asserts (Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 25) that the hens begin sitting when they have laid ten or twelve eggs; and that they continue laying, I presume, in another nest. This appears to me very improbable. He asserts that four or five hens associate for incubation with one cock, who sits only at night. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-54" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-55" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>When at the Rio Negro, we heard much of the indefatigable labours of this naturalist. M. Alcide d’Orbigny, during the years 1825 to 1833, traversed several large portions of South America, and has made a collection, and is now publishing the results on a scale of magnificence, which at once places himself in the list of American travellers second only to Humboldt. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-55" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-56" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Account of the Abipones, <abbr epub:type="se:era">AD</abbr> 1749, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. (English Translation) <abbr>p.</abbr> 314 <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-56" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Account of the Abipones, <abbr epub:type="se:era">AD</abbr> 1749, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> (English Translation) <abbr>p.</abbr> 314 <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-56" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-57" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>M. Bibron calls it T. crepitans. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-57" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -184,7 +184,7 @@
|
|||
<p>The cavities leading from the fleshy compartments of the extremity, were filled with a yellow pulpy matter, which, examined under a microscope, presented an extraordinary appearance. The mass consisted of rounded, semi-transparent, irregular grains, aggregated together into particles of various sizes. All such particles, and the separate grains, possessed the power of rapid movement; generally revolving around different axes, but sometimes progressive. The movement was visible with a very weak power, but even with the highest its cause could not be perceived. It was very different from the circulation of the fluid in the elastic bag, containing the thin extremity of the axis. On other occasions, when dissecting small marine animals beneath the microscope, I have seen particles of pulpy matter, some of large size, as soon as they were disengaged, commence revolving. I have imagined, I know not with how much truth, that this granulo-pulpy matter was in process of being converted into ova. Certainly in this zoophyte such appeared to be the case. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-58" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-59" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Kerr’s Collection of Voyages, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">viii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 119. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-59" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Kerr’s Collection of Voyages, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 119. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-59" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-60" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Purchas’s Collection of Voyages. I believe the date was really 1537. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-5.xhtml#noteref-60" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -202,22 +202,22 @@
|
|||
<p>Two species of Tinamus and Eudromia elegans of A. d’Orbigny, which can only be called a partridge with regard to its habits. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-6.xhtml#noteref-64" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-65" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>History of the Abipones, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 6. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-6.xhtml#noteref-65" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>History of the Abipones, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 6. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-6.xhtml#noteref-65" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-66" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Falconer’s Patagonia, <abbr>p.</abbr> 70. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-6.xhtml#noteref-66" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-67" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Fauna Boreali-Americana, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 35. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-6.xhtml#noteref-67" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Fauna Boreali-Americana, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 35. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-6.xhtml#noteref-67" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-68" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>See <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Atwater’s account of the Prairies, in Silliman’s N. A. Journal, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 117. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-6.xhtml#noteref-68" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>See <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Atwater’s account of the Prairies, in Silliman’s N. A. Journal, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 117. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-6.xhtml#noteref-68" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-69" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Azara’s Voyages, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 373. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-6.xhtml#noteref-69" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Azara’s Voyages, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 373. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-6.xhtml#noteref-69" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-70" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>M. A. d’Orbigny (<abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 474) says that the cardoon and artichoke are both found wild. <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Hooker (Botanical Magazine, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iv</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 2862), has described a variety of the Cynara from this part of South America under the name of inermis. He states that botanists are now generally agreed that the cardoon and the artichoke are varieties of one plant. I may add, that an intelligent farmer assured me that he had observed in a deserted garden some artichokes changing into the common cardoon. <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Hooker believes that Head’s vivid description of the thistle of the Pampas applies to the cardoon, but this is a mistake. Captain Head referred to the plant, which I have mentioned a few lines lower down, under the title of giant thistle. Whether it is a true thistle I do not know; but it is quite different from the cardoon; and more like a thistle properly so called. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-6.xhtml#noteref-70" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>M. A. d’Orbigny (<abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 474) says that the cardoon and artichoke are both found wild. <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Hooker (Botanical Magazine, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 2862), has described a variety of the Cynara from this part of South America under the name of inermis. He states that botanists are now generally agreed that the cardoon and the artichoke are varieties of one plant. I may add, that an intelligent farmer assured me that he had observed in a deserted garden some artichokes changing into the common cardoon. <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Hooker believes that Head’s vivid description of the thistle of the Pampas applies to the cardoon, but this is a mistake. Captain Head referred to the plant, which I have mentioned a few lines lower down, under the title of giant thistle. Whether it is a true thistle I do not know; but it is quite different from the cardoon; and more like a thistle properly so called. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-6.xhtml#noteref-70" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-71" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>It is said to contain 60,000 inhabitants. Monte Video, the second town of importance on the banks of the Plata, has 15,000. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-6.xhtml#noteref-71" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -226,13 +226,13 @@
|
|||
<p>The bizcacha (Lagostomus trichodactylus) somewhat resembles a large rabbit, but with bigger gnawing teeth and a long tail; it has, however, only three toes behind, like the agouti. During the last three or four years the skins of these animals have been sent to England for the sake of the fur. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-7.xhtml#noteref-72" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-73" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Journal of Asiatic Soc., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">v</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 363. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-7.xhtml#noteref-73" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Journal of Asiatic Soc., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 363. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-7.xhtml#noteref-73" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-74" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>I need hardly state here that there is good evidence against any horse living in America at the time of Columbus. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-7.xhtml#noteref-74" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-75" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Cuvier. Ossemens Fossils, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 158. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-7.xhtml#noteref-75" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Cuvier. Ossemens Fossils, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 158. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-7.xhtml#noteref-75" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-76" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>This is the geographical division followed by Lichtenstein, Swainson, Erichson, and Richardson. The section from Vera Cruz to Acapulco, given by Humboldt in the Polit. Essay on Kingdom of N. Spain will show how immense a barrier the Mexican table-land forms. <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Richardson, in his admirable Report on the Zoology of N. America read before the Brit. Assoc. 1836 (<abbr>p.</abbr> 157), talking of the identification of a Mexican animal with the Synetheres prehensilis, says, “We do not know with what propriety, but if correct, it is, if not a solitary instance, at least very nearly so, of a rodent animal being common to North and South America.” <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-7.xhtml#noteref-76" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -244,10 +244,10 @@
|
|||
<p>See the admirable Appendix by <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Buckland to Beechey’s Voyage; also the writings of Chamisso in Kotzebue’s Voyage. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-7.xhtml#noteref-78" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-79" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>In Captain Owen’s Surveying Voyage (<abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 274) there is a curious account of the effects of a drought on the elephants, at Benguela (west coast of Africa). “A number of these animals had some time since entered the town, in a body, to possess themselves of the wells, not being able to procure any water in the country. The inhabitants mustered, when a desperate conflict ensued, which terminated in the ultimate discomfiture of the invaders, but not until they had killed one man, and wounded several others.” The town is said to have a population of nearly three thousand! <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Malcolmson informs me that, during a great drought in India, the wild animals entered the tents of some troops at Ellore, and that a hare drank out of a vessel held by the adjutant of the regiment. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-7.xhtml#noteref-79" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>In Captain Owen’s Surveying Voyage (<abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 274) there is a curious account of the effects of a drought on the elephants, at Benguela (west coast of Africa). “A number of these animals had some time since entered the town, in a body, to possess themselves of the wells, not being able to procure any water in the country. The inhabitants mustered, when a desperate conflict ensued, which terminated in the ultimate discomfiture of the invaders, but not until they had killed one man, and wounded several others.” The town is said to have a population of nearly three thousand! <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Malcolmson informs me that, during a great drought in India, the wild animals entered the tents of some troops at Ellore, and that a hare drank out of a vessel held by the adjutant of the regiment. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-7.xhtml#noteref-79" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-80" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 374. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-7.xhtml#noteref-80" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 374. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-7.xhtml#noteref-80" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-81" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>These droughts to a certain degree seem to be almost periodical; I was told the dates of several others, and the intervals were about fifteen years. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-7.xhtml#noteref-81" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -256,16 +256,16 @@
|
|||
<p><abbr>Mr.</abbr> Waterhouse has drawn up a detailed description of this head, which I hope he will publish in some Journal. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-82" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-83" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>A nearly similar abnormal, but I do not know whether hereditary, structure has been observed in the carp, and likewise in the crocodile of the Ganges: Histoire des Anomalies, par M. Isid. Geoffroy <abbr>St.</abbr> Hilaire, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 244. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-83" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>A nearly similar abnormal, but I do not know whether hereditary, structure has been observed in the carp, and likewise in the crocodile of the Ganges: Histoire des Anomalies, par M. Isid. Geoffroy <abbr>St.</abbr> Hilaire, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 244. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-83" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-84" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>M. A. d’Orbigny has given nearly a similar account of these dogs, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 175. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-84" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>M. A. d’Orbigny has given nearly a similar account of these dogs, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 175. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-84" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-85" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>I must express my obligations to <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Keane, at whose house I was staying on the Berquelo, and to <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Lumb at Buenos Ayres, for without their assistance these valuable remains would never have reached England. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-85" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-86" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Lyell’s Principles of Geology, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 63. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-86" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Lyell’s Principles of Geology, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 63. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-86" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-87" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>The flies which frequently accompany a ship for some days on its passage from harbour to harbour, wandering from the vessel, are soon lost, and all disappear. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-87" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -274,10 +274,10 @@
|
|||
<p><abbr>Mr.</abbr> Blackwall, in his Researches in Zoology, has many excellent observations on the habits of spiders. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-88" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-89" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>An abstract is given in No. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span>. of the Magazine of Zoology and Botany. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-89" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>An abstract is given in No. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> of the Magazine of Zoology and Botany. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-89" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-90" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>I found here a species of cactus, described by Professor Henslow, under the name of Opuntia Darwinii (Magazine of Zoology and Botany, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 466), which was remarkable for the irritability of the stamens, when I inserted either a piece of stick or the end of my finger in the flower. The segments of the perianth also closed on the pistil, but more slowly than the stamens. Plants of this family, generally considered as tropical, occur in North America (Lewis and Clarke’s Travels, <abbr>p.</abbr> 221), in the same high latitude as here, namely, in both cases, in 47 degs. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-90" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>I found here a species of cactus, described by Professor Henslow, under the name of Opuntia Darwinii (Magazine of Zoology and Botany, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 466), which was remarkable for the irritability of the stamens, when I inserted either a piece of stick or the end of my finger in the flower. The segments of the perianth also closed on the pistil, but more slowly than the stamens. Plants of this family, generally considered as tropical, occur in North America (Lewis and Clarke’s Travels, <abbr>p.</abbr> 221), in the same high latitude as here, namely, in both cases, in 47 degs. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-90" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-91" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>These insects were not uncommon beneath stones. I found one cannibal scorpion quietly devouring another. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-91" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -292,19 +292,19 @@
|
|||
<p>See the excellent remarks on this subject by <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Lyell, in his Principles of Geology. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-8.xhtml#noteref-94" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-95" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>The desserts of Syria are characterized, according to Volney (tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 351), by woody bushes, numerous rats, gazelles and hares. In the landscape of Patagonia, the guanaco replaces the gazelle, and the agouti the hare. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-9.xhtml#noteref-95" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>The desserts of Syria are characterized, according to Volney (tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 351), by woody bushes, numerous rats, gazelles and hares. In the landscape of Patagonia, the guanaco replaces the gazelle, and the agouti the hare. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-9.xhtml#noteref-95" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-96" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>I noticed that several hours before any one of the condors died, all the lice, with which it was infested, crawled to the outside feathers. I was assured that this always happens. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-9.xhtml#noteref-96" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-97" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>London’s Magazine of Nat. Hist., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">vii</span>. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-9.xhtml#noteref-97" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>London’s Magazine of Nat. Hist., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-9.xhtml#noteref-97" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-98" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>From accounts published since our voyage, and more especially from several interesting letters from <abbr>Capt.</abbr> Sulivan, R. N., employed on the survey, it appears that we took an exaggerated view of the badness of the climate on these islands. But when I reflect on the almost universal covering of peat, and on the fact of wheat seldom ripening here, I can hardly believe that the climate in summer is so fine and dry as it has lately been represented. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-9.xhtml#noteref-98" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-99" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Lesson’s Zoology of the Voyage of the Coquille, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 168. All the early voyagers, and especially Bougainville, distinctly state that the wolf-like fox was the only native animal on the island. The distinction of the rabbit as a species, is taken from peculiarities in the fur, from the shape of the head, and from the shortness of the ears. I may here observe that the difference between the Irish and English hare rests upon nearly similar characters, only more strongly marked. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-9.xhtml#noteref-99" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Lesson’s Zoology of the Voyage of the Coquille, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 168. All the early voyagers, and especially Bougainville, distinctly state that the wolf-like fox was the only native animal on the island. The distinction of the rabbit as a species, is taken from peculiarities in the fur, from the shape of the head, and from the shortness of the ears. I may here observe that the difference between the Irish and English hare rests upon nearly similar characters, only more strongly marked. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-9.xhtml#noteref-99" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-100" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>I have reason, however, to suspect that there is a field- mouse. The common European rat and mouse have roamed far from the habitations of the settlers. The common hog has also run wild on one islet; all are of a black colour: the boars are very fierce, and have great trunks. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-9.xhtml#noteref-100" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -343,7 +343,7 @@
|
|||
<p>Captain Fitz Roy informs me that in April (our October), the leaves of those trees which grow near the base of the mountains change colour, but not those on the more elevated parts. I remember having read some observations, showing that in England the leaves fall earlier in a warm and fine autumn than in a late and cold one, The change in the colour being here retarded in the more elevated, and therefore colder situations, must be owing to the same general law of vegetation. The trees of Tierra del Fuego during no part of the year entirely shed their leaves. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-111" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-112" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Described from my specimens and notes by the <abbr>Rev.</abbr> J. M. Berkeley, in the Linnean Transactions (<abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">xix</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 37), under the name of Cyttaria Darwinii; the Chilean species is the C. Berteroii. This genus is allied to Bulgaria. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-112" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Described from my specimens and notes by the <abbr>Rev.</abbr> J. M. Berkeley, in the Linnean Transactions (<abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XIX</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 37), under the name of Cyttaria Darwinii; the Chilean species is the C. Berteroii. This genus is allied to Bulgaria. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-112" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-113" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>I believe I must except one alpine Haltica, and a single specimen of a Melasoma. <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Waterhouse informs me, that of the Harpalidae there are eight or nine species—the forms of the greater number being very peculiar; of Heteromera, four or five species; of Rhyncophora, six or seven; and of the following families one species in each: Staphylinidae, Elateridae, Cebrionidae, Melolonthidae. The species in the other orders are even fewer. In all the orders, the scarcity of the individuals is even more remarkable than that of the species. Most of the Coleoptera have been carefully described by <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Waterhouse in the Annals of Nat. Hist. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-113" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -352,7 +352,7 @@
|
|||
<p>Its geographical range is remarkably wide; it is found from the extreme southern islets near Cape Horn, as far north on the eastern coast (according to information given me by <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Stokes) as lat. 43 degs.—but on the western coast, as <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Hooker tells me, it extends to the R. San Francisco in California, and perhaps even to Kamtschatka. We thus have an immense range in latitude; and as Cook, who must have been well acquainted with the species, found it at Kerguelen Land, no less than 140 degs. in longitude. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-114" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-115" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 363.—It appears that sea-weed grows extremely quick.—<abbr>Mr.</abbr> Stephenson found (Wilson’s Voyage round Scotland, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 228) that a rock uncovered only at spring-tides, which had been chiselled smooth in November, on the following May, that is, within six months afterwards, was thickly covered with Fucus digitatus two feet, and F. esculentus six feet, in length. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-115" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 363.—It appears that sea-weed grows extremely quick.—<abbr>Mr.</abbr> Stephenson found (Wilson’s Voyage round Scotland, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 228) that a rock uncovered only at spring-tides, which had been chiselled smooth in November, on the following May, that is, within six months afterwards, was thickly covered with Fucus digitatus two feet, and F. esculentus six feet, in length. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-115" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-116" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>With regard to Tierra del Fuego, the results are deduced from the observations of <abbr>Capt.</abbr> King (Geographical Journal, 1830), and those taken on board the Beagle. For the Falkland Islands, I am indebted to <abbr>Capt.</abbr> Sulivan for the mean of the mean temperature (reduced from careful observations at midnight, 8 <abbr>a.m.</abbr>, noon, and 8 <abbr>p.m.</abbr>) of the three hottest months, <abbr>viz.</abbr>, December, January, and February. The temperature of Dublin is taken from Barton. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-116" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -367,7 +367,7 @@
|
|||
<p>On the Cordillera of central Chile, I believe the snow- line varies exceedingly in height in different summers. I was assured that during one very dry and long summer, all the snow disappeared from Aconcagua, although it attains the prodigious height of 23,000 feet. It is probable that much of the snow at these great heights is evaporated rather than thawed. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-119" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-120" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Miers’s Chile, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 415. It is said that the sugar-cane grew at Ingenio, lat. 32 to 33 degs., but not in sufficient quantity to make the manufacture profitable. In the valley of Quillota, south of Ingenio, I saw some large date palm trees. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-120" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Miers’s Chile, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 415. It is said that the sugar-cane grew at Ingenio, lat. 32 to 33 degs., but not in sufficient quantity to make the manufacture profitable. In the valley of Quillota, south of Ingenio, I saw some large date palm trees. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-120" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-121" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Bulkeley’s and Cummin’s Faithful Narrative of the Loss of the Wager. The earthquake happened August 25, 1741. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-121" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -376,7 +376,7 @@
|
|||
<p>Agueros, Desc. Hist. de Chiloe, <abbr>p.</abbr> 227. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-122" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-123" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Geological Transactions, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">vi</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 415. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-123" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Geological Transactions, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 415. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-123" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-124" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>I have given details (the first, I believe, published) on this subject in the first edition, and in the Appendix to it. I have there shown that the apparent exceptions to the absence of erratic boulders in certain countries, are due to erroneous observations; several statements there given I have since found confirmed by various authors. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-124" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -385,16 +385,16 @@
|
|||
<p>Geographical Journal, 1830, <abbr>pp.</abbr> 65, 66. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-125" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-126" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Richardson’s Append. to Back’s Exped., and Humboldt’s Fragm. Asiat., tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 386. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-126" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Richardson’s Append. to Back’s Exped., and Humboldt’s Fragm. Asiat., tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 386. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-126" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-127" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p><abbr>Messrs.</abbr> Dease and Simpson, in Geograph. Journ., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">viii</span>. <abbr>pp.</abbr> 218 and 220. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-127" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p><abbr>Messrs.</abbr> Dease and Simpson, in Geograph. Journ., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span> <abbr>pp.</abbr> 218 and 220. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-127" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-128" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Cuvier (Ossemens Fossiles, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 151), from Billing’s Voyage. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-128" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Cuvier (Ossemens Fossiles, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 151), from Billing’s Voyage. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-128" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-129" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>In the former edition and Appendix, I have given some facts on the transportal of erratic boulders and icebergs in the Atlantic Ocean. This subject has lately been treated excellently by <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Hayes, in the Boston Journal (<abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iv</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 426). The author does not appear aware of a case published by me (Geographical Journal, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ix</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 528) of a gigantic boulder embedded in an iceberg in the Antarctic Ocean, almost certainly one hundred miles distant from any land, and perhaps much more distant. In the Appendix I have discussed at length the probability (at that time hardly thought of) of icebergs, when stranded, grooving and polishing rocks, like glaciers. This is now a very commonly received opinion; and I cannot still avoid the suspicion that it is applicable even to such cases as that of the Jura. <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Richardson has assured me that the icebergs off North America push before them pebbles and sand, and leave the submarine rocky flats quite bare; it is hardly possible to doubt that such ledges must be polished and scored in the direction of the set of the prevailing currents. Since writing that Appendix, I have seen in North Wales (London Phil. Mag., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">xxi</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 180) the adjoining action of glaciers and floating icebergs. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-129" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>In the former edition and Appendix, I have given some facts on the transportal of erratic boulders and icebergs in the Atlantic Ocean. This subject has lately been treated excellently by <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Hayes, in the Boston Journal (<abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 426). The author does not appear aware of a case published by me (Geographical Journal, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 528) of a gigantic boulder embedded in an iceberg in the Antarctic Ocean, almost certainly one hundred miles distant from any land, and perhaps much more distant. In the Appendix I have discussed at length the probability (at that time hardly thought of) of icebergs, when stranded, grooving and polishing rocks, like glaciers. This is now a very commonly received opinion; and I cannot still avoid the suspicion that it is applicable even to such cases as that of the Jura. <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Richardson has assured me that the icebergs off North America push before them pebbles and sand, and leave the submarine rocky flats quite bare; it is hardly possible to doubt that such ledges must be polished and scored in the direction of the set of the prevailing currents. Since writing that Appendix, I have seen in North Wales (London Phil. Mag., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXI</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 180) the adjoining action of glaciers and floating icebergs. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-11.xhtml#noteref-129" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-130" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Caldeleugh, in Philosoph. Transact. for 1836. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-12.xhtml#noteref-130" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -403,13 +403,13 @@
|
|||
<p>Annales des Sciences Naturelles, March, 1833. M. Gay, a zealous and able naturalist, was then occupied in studying every branch of natural history throughout the kingdom of Chile. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-12.xhtml#noteref-131" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-132" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Burchess’s Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 45. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-12.xhtml#noteref-132" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Burchess’s Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 45. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-12.xhtml#noteref-132" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-133" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>It is a remarkable fact, that Molina, though describing in detail all the birds and animals of Chile, never once mentions this genus, the species of which are so common, and so remarkable in their habits. Was he at a loss how to classify them, and did he consequently think that silence was the more prudent course? It is one more instance of the frequency of omissions by authors, on those very subjects where it might have been least expected. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-12.xhtml#noteref-133" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-134" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Horticultural Transact., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">v</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 249. <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Caldeleugh sent home two tubers, which, being well manured, even the first season produced numerous potatoes and an abundance of leaves. See Humboldt’s interesting discussion on this plant, which it appears was unknown in Mexico—in Polit. Essay on New Spain, book <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iv</span>. chap. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ix</span>. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-13.xhtml#noteref-134" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Horticultural Transact., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 249. <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Caldeleugh sent home two tubers, which, being well manured, even the first season produced numerous potatoes and an abundance of leaves. See Humboldt’s interesting discussion on this plant, which it appears was unknown in Mexico—in Polit. Essay on New Spain, book <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> chap. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span> <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-13.xhtml#noteref-134" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-135" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>By sweeping with my insect-net, I procured from these situations a considerable number of minute insects, of the family of Staphylinidae, and others allied to Pselaphus, and minute Hymenoptera. But the most characteristic family in number, both of individuals and species, throughout the more open parts of Chiloe and Chonos is that of Telephoridae. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-13.xhtml#noteref-135" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -421,40 +421,40 @@
|
|||
<p>I may mention, as a proof of how great a difference there is between the seasons of the wooded and the open parts of this coast, that on September 20th, in lat. 34 degs., these birds had young ones in the nest, while among the Chonos Islands, three months later in the summer, they were only laying, the difference in latitude between these two places being about 700 miles. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-13.xhtml#noteref-137" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-138" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>M. Arago in L’Institut, 1839, <abbr>p.</abbr> 337. See also Miers’s Chile, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 392; also Lyell’s Principles of Geology, chap. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">xv</span>., book <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-14.xhtml#noteref-138" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>M. Arago in L’Institut, 1839, <abbr>p.</abbr> 337. See also Miers’s Chile, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 392; also Lyell’s Principles of Geology, chap. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XV</span>, book <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-14.xhtml#noteref-138" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-139" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>For a full account of the volcanic phenomena which accompanied the earthquake of the 20th, and for the conclusions deducible from them, I must refer to Volume <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span>. of the Geological Transactions. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-14.xhtml#noteref-139" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>For a full account of the volcanic phenomena which accompanied the earthquake of the 20th, and for the conclusions deducible from them, I must refer to Volume <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> of the Geological Transactions. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-14.xhtml#noteref-139" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-140" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Scoresby’s Arctic Regions, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 122. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-15.xhtml#noteref-140" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Scoresby’s Arctic Regions, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 122. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-15.xhtml#noteref-140" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-141" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>I have heard it remarked in Shropshire that the water, when the Severn is flooded from long-continued rain, is much more turbid than when it proceeds from the snow melting in the Welsh mountains. D’Orbigny (tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 184), in explaining the cause of the various colours of the rivers in South America, remarks that those with blue or clear water have there source in the Cordillera, where the snow melts. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-15.xhtml#noteref-141" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>I have heard it remarked in Shropshire that the water, when the Severn is flooded from long-continued rain, is much more turbid than when it proceeds from the snow melting in the Welsh mountains. D’Orbigny (tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 184), in explaining the cause of the various colours of the rivers in South America, remarks that those with blue or clear water have there source in the Cordillera, where the snow melts. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-15.xhtml#noteref-141" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-142" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p><abbr>Dr.</abbr> Gillies in Journ. of Nat. and Geograph. Science, <abbr>Aug.</abbr>, 1830. This author gives the heights of the Passes. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-15.xhtml#noteref-142" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-143" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>This structure in frozen snow was long since observed by Scoresby in the icebergs near Spitzbergen, and, lately, with more care, by Colonel Jackson (Journ. of Geograph. Soc., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">v</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 12) on the Neva. <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Lyell (Principles, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iv</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 360) has compared the fissures by which the columnar structure seems to be determined, to the joints that traverse nearly all rocks, but which are best seen in the non- stratified masses. I may observe, that in the case of the frozen snow, the columnar structure must be owing to a “metamorphic” action, and not to a process during deposition. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-15.xhtml#noteref-143" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>This structure in frozen snow was long since observed by Scoresby in the icebergs near Spitzbergen, and, lately, with more care, by Colonel Jackson (Journ. of Geograph. Soc., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 12) on the Neva. <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Lyell (Principles, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 360) has compared the fissures by which the columnar structure seems to be determined, to the joints that traverse nearly all rocks, but which are best seen in the non- stratified masses. I may observe, that in the case of the frozen snow, the columnar structure must be owing to a “metamorphic” action, and not to a process during deposition. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-15.xhtml#noteref-143" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-144" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>This is merely an illustration of the admirable laws, first laid down by <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Lyell, on the geographical distribution of animals, as influenced by geological changes. The whole reasoning, of course, is founded on the assumption of the immutability of species; otherwise the difference in the species in the two regions might be considered as superinduced during a length of time. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-15.xhtml#noteref-144" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-145" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p><abbr>Vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iv</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 11, and <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 217. For the remarks on Guayaquil, see Silliman’s Journ., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">xxiv</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 384. For those on Tacna by <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Hamilton, see Trans. of British Association, 1840. For those on Coseguina see <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Caldcleugh in Phil. Trans., 1835. In the former edition I collected several references on the coincidences between sudden falls in the barometer and earthquakes; and between earthquakes and meteors. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-16.xhtml#noteref-145" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p><abbr>Vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 11, and <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 217. For the remarks on Guayaquil, see Silliman’s Journ., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXIV</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 384. For those on Tacna by <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Hamilton, see Trans. of British Association, 1840. For those on Coseguina see <abbr>Mr.</abbr> Caldcleugh in Phil. Trans., 1835. In the former edition I collected several references on the coincidences between sudden falls in the barometer and earthquakes; and between earthquakes and meteors. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-16.xhtml#noteref-145" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-146" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Observa. sobre el Clima de Lima, <abbr>p.</abbr> 67.—Azara’s Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 381.—Ulloa’s Voyage, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 28.—Burchell’s Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 524.—Webster’s Description of the Azores, <abbr>p.</abbr> 124.—Voyage a l’Isle de France par un Officer du Roi, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 248.—Description of <abbr>St.</abbr> Helena, <abbr>p.</abbr> 123. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-16.xhtml#noteref-146" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Observa. sobre el Clima de Lima, <abbr>p.</abbr> 67.—Azara’s Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 381.—Ulloa’s Voyage, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 28.—Burchell’s Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 524.—Webster’s Description of the Azores, <abbr>p.</abbr> 124.—Voyage a l’Isle de France par un Officer du Roi, tom. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 248.—Description of <abbr>St.</abbr> Helena, <abbr>p.</abbr> 123. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-16.xhtml#noteref-146" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-147" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Temple, in his travels through Upper Peru, or Bolivia, in going from Potosi to Oruro, says, “I saw many Indian villages or dwellings in ruins, up even to the very tops of the mountains, attesting a former population where now all is desolate.” He makes similar remarks in another place; but I cannot tell whether this desolation has been caused by a want of population, or by an altered condition of the land. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-16.xhtml#noteref-147" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-148" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Edinburgh, Phil. Journ., <abbr>Jan.</abbr>, 1830, <abbr>p.</abbr> 74; and April, 1830, <abbr>p.</abbr> 258—also Daubeny on Volcanoes, <abbr>p.</abbr> 438; and Bengal Journ., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">vii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 324. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-16.xhtml#noteref-148" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Edinburgh, Phil. Journ., <abbr>Jan.</abbr>, 1830, <abbr>p.</abbr> 74; and April, 1830, <abbr>p.</abbr> 258—also Daubeny on Volcanoes, <abbr>p.</abbr> 438; and Bengal Journ., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 324. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-16.xhtml#noteref-148" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-149" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iv</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 199. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-16.xhtml#noteref-149" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 199. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-16.xhtml#noteref-149" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-150" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>A similar interesting case is recorded in the Madras Medical Quart. Journ., 1839, <abbr>p.</abbr> 340. <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Ferguson, in his admirable Paper (see 9th <abbr>vol.</abbr> of Edinburgh Royal Trans.), shows clearly that the poison is generated in the drying process; and hence that dry hot countries are often the most unhealthy. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-16.xhtml#noteref-150" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -466,49 +466,49 @@
|
|||
<p>This is stated by <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Gunther (Zoolog. Soc. Jan 24th, 1859) to be a peculiar species, not known to inhabit any other country. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-17.xhtml#noteref-152" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-153" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Voyage aux Quatre Iles d’Afrique. With respect to the Sandwich Islands, see Tyerman and Bennett’s Journal, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 434. For Mauritius, see Voyage par un Officier, <abbr>etc.</abbr>, part <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 170. There are no frogs in the Canary Islands (Webb et Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Iles Canaries). I saw none at <abbr>St.</abbr> Jago in the Cape de Verds. There are none at <abbr>St.</abbr> Helena. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-17.xhtml#noteref-153" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Voyage aux Quatre Iles d’Afrique. With respect to the Sandwich Islands, see Tyerman and Bennett’s Journal, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 434. For Mauritius, see Voyage par un Officier, <abbr>etc.</abbr>, part <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 170. There are no frogs in the Canary Islands (Webb et Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Iles Canaries). I saw none at <abbr>St.</abbr> Jago in the Cape de Verds. There are none at <abbr>St.</abbr> Helena. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-17.xhtml#noteref-153" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-154" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">xvi</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 19. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-17.xhtml#noteref-154" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XVI</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 19. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-17.xhtml#noteref-154" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-155" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Voyage in the U. S. ship Essex, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 215. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-17.xhtml#noteref-155" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Voyage in the U. S. ship Essex, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 215. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-17.xhtml#noteref-155" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-156" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Linn. Trans., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">xii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 496. The most anomalous fact on this subject which I have met with is the wildness of the small birds in the Arctic parts of North America (as described by Richardson, Fauna Bor., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 332), where they are said never to be persecuted. This case is the more strange, because it is asserted that some of the same species in their winter-quarters in the United States are tame. There is much, as <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Richardson well remarks, utterly inexplicable connected with the different degrees of shyness and care with which birds conceal their nests. How strange it is that the English wood- pigeon, generally so wild a bird, should very frequently rear its young in shrubberies close to houses! <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-17.xhtml#noteref-156" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Linn. Trans., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XII</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 496. The most anomalous fact on this subject which I have met with is the wildness of the small birds in the Arctic parts of North America (as described by Richardson, Fauna Bor., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 332), where they are said never to be persecuted. This case is the more strange, because it is asserted that some of the same species in their winter-quarters in the United States are tame. There is much, as <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Richardson well remarks, utterly inexplicable connected with the different degrees of shyness and care with which birds conceal their nests. How strange it is that the English wood- pigeon, generally so wild a bird, should very frequently rear its young in shrubberies close to houses! <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-17.xhtml#noteref-156" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
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<li id="note-157" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>It is remarkable how the same disease is modified in different climates. At the little island of <abbr>St.</abbr> Helena the introduction of scarlet fever is dreaded as a plague. In some countries, foreigners and natives are as differently affected by certain contagious disorders as if they had been different animals; of which fact some instances have occurred in Chile; and, according to Humboldt, in Mexico (Polit. Essay, New Spain, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iv</span>.). <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-19.xhtml#noteref-157" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>It is remarkable how the same disease is modified in different climates. At the little island of <abbr>St.</abbr> Helena the introduction of scarlet fever is dreaded as a plague. In some countries, foreigners and natives are as differently affected by certain contagious disorders as if they had been different animals; of which fact some instances have occurred in Chile; and, according to Humboldt, in Mexico (Polit. Essay, New Spain, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span>). <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-19.xhtml#noteref-157" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-158" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Narrative of Missionary Enterprise, <abbr>p.</abbr> 282. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-19.xhtml#noteref-158" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
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<li id="note-159" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Captain Beechey (chap. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iv</span>., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>.) states that the inhabitants of Pitcairn Island are firmly convinced that after the arrival of every ship they suffer cutaneous and other disorders. Captain Beechey attributes this to the change of diet during the time of the visit. <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Macculloch (Western Isles, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 32) says: “It is asserted, that on the arrival of a stranger (at <abbr>St.</abbr> Kilda) all the inhabitants, in the common phraseology, catch a cold.” <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Macculloch considers the whole case, although often previously affirmed, as ludicrous. He adds, however, that “the question was put by us to the inhabitants who unanimously agreed in the story.” In Vancouver’s Voyage, there is a somewhat similar statement with respect to Otaheite. <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Dieffenbach, in a note to his translation of the Journal, states that the same fact is universally believed by the inhabitants of the Chatham Islands, and in parts of New Zealand. It is impossible that such a belief should have become universal in the northern hemisphere, at the Antipodes, and in the Pacific, without some good foundation. Humboldt (Polit. Essay on King of New Spain, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iv</span>.) says, that the great epidemics of Panama and Callao are “marked” by the arrival of ships from Chile, because the people from that temperate region, first experience the fatal effects of the torrid zones. I may add, that I have heard it stated in Shropshire, that sheep, which have been imported from vessels, although themselves in a healthy condition, if placed in the same fold with others, frequently produce sickness in the flock. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-19.xhtml#noteref-159" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Captain Beechey (chap. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span>, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span>) states that the inhabitants of Pitcairn Island are firmly convinced that after the arrival of every ship they suffer cutaneous and other disorders. Captain Beechey attributes this to the change of diet during the time of the visit. <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Macculloch (Western Isles, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 32) says: “It is asserted, that on the arrival of a stranger (at <abbr>St.</abbr> Kilda) all the inhabitants, in the common phraseology, catch a cold.” <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Macculloch considers the whole case, although often previously affirmed, as ludicrous. He adds, however, that “the question was put by us to the inhabitants who unanimously agreed in the story.” In Vancouver’s Voyage, there is a somewhat similar statement with respect to Otaheite. <abbr>Dr.</abbr> Dieffenbach, in a note to his translation of the Journal, states that the same fact is universally believed by the inhabitants of the Chatham Islands, and in parts of New Zealand. It is impossible that such a belief should have become universal in the northern hemisphere, at the Antipodes, and in the Pacific, without some good foundation. Humboldt (Polit. Essay on King of New Spain, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span>) says, that the great epidemics of Panama and Callao are “marked” by the arrival of ships from Chile, because the people from that temperate region, first experience the fatal effects of the torrid zones. I may add, that I have heard it stated in Shropshire, that sheep, which have been imported from vessels, although themselves in a healthy condition, if placed in the same fold with others, frequently produce sickness in the flock. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-19.xhtml#noteref-159" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-160" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Travels in Australia, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 154. I must express my obligation to Sir T. Mitchell, for several interesting personal communications on the subject of these great valleys of New South Wales. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-19.xhtml#noteref-160" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Travels in Australia, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 154. I must express my obligation to Sir T. Mitchell, for several interesting personal communications on the subject of these great valleys of New South Wales. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-19.xhtml#noteref-160" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-161" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>I was interested by finding here the hollow conical pitfall of the lion-ant, or some other insect; first a fly fell down the treacherous slope and immediately disappeared; then came a large but unwary ant; its struggles to escape being very violent, those curious little jets of sand, described by Kirby and Spence (Entomol., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 425) as being flirted by the insect’s tail, were promptly directed against the expected victim. But the ant enjoyed a better fate than the fly, and escaped the fatal jaws which lay concealed at the base of the conical hollow. This Australian pitfall was only about half the size of that made by the European lion-ant. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-19.xhtml#noteref-161" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>I was interested by finding here the hollow conical pitfall of the lion-ant, or some other insect; first a fly fell down the treacherous slope and immediately disappeared; then came a large but unwary ant; its struggles to escape being very violent, those curious little jets of sand, described by Kirby and Spence (Entomol., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 425) as being flirted by the insect’s tail, were promptly directed against the expected victim. But the ant enjoyed a better fate than the fly, and escaped the fatal jaws which lay concealed at the base of the conical hollow. This Australian pitfall was only about half the size of that made by the European lion-ant. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-19.xhtml#noteref-161" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-162" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land, <abbr>p.</abbr> 354. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-19.xhtml#noteref-162" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-163" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>These Plants are described in the Annals of Nat. Hist., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">i</span>., 1838, <abbr>p.</abbr> 337. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-163" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>These Plants are described in the Annals of Nat. Hist., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span>, 1838, <abbr>p.</abbr> 337. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-163" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-164" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Holman’s Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iv</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 378. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-164" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Holman’s Travels, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 378. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-164" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-165" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Kotzebue’s First Voyage, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 155. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-165" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Kotzebue’s First Voyage, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 155. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-165" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-166" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>The thirteen species belong to the following orders:—In the Coleoptera, a minute Elater; Orthoptera, a Gryllus and a Blatta; Hemiptera, one species; Homoptera, two; Neuroptera a Chrysopa; Hymenoptera, two ants; Lepidoptera nocturna, a Diopaea, and a Pterophorus (?); Diptera, two species. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-166" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-167" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Kotzebue’s First Voyage, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">iii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 222. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-167" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Kotzebue’s First Voyage, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 222. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-167" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-168" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>The large claws or pincers of some of these crabs are most beautifully adapted, when drawn back, to form an operculum to the shell, nearly as perfect as the proper one originally belonging to the molluscous animal. I was assured, and as far as my observations went I found it so, that certain species of the hermit-crab always use certain species of shells. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-168" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -520,7 +520,7 @@
|
|||
<p>See Proceedings of Zoological Society, 1832, <abbr>p.</abbr> 17. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-170" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-171" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>Tyerman and Bennett. Voyage, <abbr>etc.</abbr> <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">ii</span>. <abbr>p.</abbr> 33. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-171" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Tyerman and Bennett. Voyage, <abbr>etc.</abbr> <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>p.</abbr> 33. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-171" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-172" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>I exclude, of course, some soil which has been imported here in vessels from Malacca and Java, and likewise, some small fragments of pumice, drifted here by the waves. The one block of greenstone, moreover, on the northern island must be excepted. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-20.xhtml#noteref-172" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -550,7 +550,7 @@
|
|||
<p>Monats. der Konig. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin. Vom April, 1845. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-21.xhtml#noteref-180" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="note-181" epub:type="endnote">
|
||||
<p>I have described this Bar in detail, in the Lond. and Edin. Phil. Mag., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">xix</span>. (1841), <abbr>p.</abbr> 257. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-21.xhtml#noteref-181" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
<p>I have described this Bar in detail, in the Lond. and Edin. Phil. Mag., <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XIX</span> (1841), <abbr>p.</abbr> 257. <cite>—Charles Darwin</cite> <a href="chapter-21.xhtml#noteref-181" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
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