diff --git a/se-lint-ignore.xml b/se-lint-ignore.xml index 2f3d4a5..eb7f0ba 100644 --- a/se-lint-ignore.xml +++ b/se-lint-ignore.xml @@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ Lint complains about titlecasing in a title referencing Van Diemen’s Land, assuming that this is foreign language and that “Van” should be “van”. It’s wrong. - \ No newline at end of file + diff --git a/src/epub/css/local.css b/src/epub/css/local.css index a7718d5..151f8f4 100644 --- a/src/epub/css/local.css +++ b/src/epub/css/local.css @@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ section[epub|type~="dedication"] > *{ text-align: justify; text-indent: 0; } - /* end bridgeheads */ /* figures */ @@ -95,7 +94,6 @@ figure.full-page{ object-fit: contain; } } - /* end figures */ /* tables */ @@ -125,11 +123,9 @@ table td:first-child{ table + p{ text-indent: 0; } - /* end tables */ /* these are for 'pseudo-headings' we don't want in ToC */ - div header p{ font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-10.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-10.svg index 173471a..00b3935 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-10.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-10.svg @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - + A drawing of a coral atoll in the Pacific Ocean showing its circular formation. - \ No newline at end of file + + diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-11.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-11.svg index 57c98d8..53efb25 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-11.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-11.svg @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - + Drawing of the interior of a coral atoll, with an island and distinct peak in the center. - \ No newline at end of file + + diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-12.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-12.svg index 5d6ffef..932fde3 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-12.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-12.svg @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - + Cross-sections of three coral islands showing different levels of water in comparison to shapes of the land. - \ No newline at end of file + + diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-13.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-13.svg index 4000a25..6b36df9 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-13.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-13.svg @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - + Side drawing of a coral island with various labelled cross-sections indicated. - \ No newline at end of file + + diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-14.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-14.svg index 1af0079..7c1eae4 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-14.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-14.svg @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - + Side drawing of a coral island with the original volcano shown, with various labelled cross-sections. - \ No newline at end of file + + diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-15.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-15.svg index b6d29d0..53193b0 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-15.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-15.svg @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - + The interior structure of a volcanic bomb, showing the coarsely cellular central part, the cells decreasing in size towards the top of the drawing, followed by a shell-like case and outer crust. - \ No newline at end of file + + diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-2.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-2.svg index f6ba77f..428f02c 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-2.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-2.svg @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ - -A mineral with inclusions resembling small plants. - \ No newline at end of file + + + A mineral with inclusions resembling small plants. + + diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-3.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-3.svg index e54b3a3..486965c 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-3.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-3.svg @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - + Two tiny sea-creatures with bodies like tubes with conical ends, joined together. - \ No newline at end of file + + diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-4.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-4.svg index aa75e33..f23d852 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-4.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-4.svg @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - + A drawing of the head and bill of the Scissor-beak bird, from the side, showing the much longer lower mandible, and from above showing its laterally flattened beak. - \ No newline at end of file + + diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-5.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-5.svg index 9bb9b86..283eeb4 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-5.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-5.svg @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - + A globular fungus with its entire surface deeply pitted or honeycombed. - \ No newline at end of file + + diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-6.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-6.svg index 01d39e7..59b26ee 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-6.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-6.svg @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - + Sketch map of the glacier which reaches the Gulf of Penas, showing the length and width of the glacier, and a morass to the west of it. - \ No newline at end of file + + diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-7.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-7.svg index c8a5f8c..5543682 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-7.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-7.svg @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - + Sketch map of the islands of the Galapagos Archipelago, consisting of ten principal islands, of which five are much larger than the others. - \ No newline at end of file + + diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-8.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-8.svg index 4fa9f8e..e83afac 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-8.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-8.svg @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - + Four drawings of the head and beaks of related birds found on different islands of the Galapagos, showing the variations in beak size and type. - \ No newline at end of file + + diff --git a/src/epub/images/illustration-9.svg b/src/epub/images/illustration-9.svg index f6d73a4..f2f6c5a 100644 --- a/src/epub/images/illustration-9.svg +++ b/src/epub/images/illustration-9.svg @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - + A large lizard with small spines running along its back, together with a drawing of one of its teeth, both natural size and magnified. - \ No newline at end of file + + diff --git a/src/epub/text/chapter-11.xhtml b/src/epub/text/chapter-11.xhtml index e857e8a..6451020 100644 --- a/src/epub/text/chapter-11.xhtml +++ b/src/epub/text/chapter-11.xhtml @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@

As the height of the plane of perpetual snow seems chiefly to be determined by the extreme heat of the summer, rather than by the mean temperature of the year, we ought not to be surprised at its descent in the Strait of Magellan, where the summer is so cool, to only 3,500 or 4,000 feet above the level of the sea; although in Norway, we must travel to between lat. 67° and 70° N., that is, about 14° nearer the pole, to meet with perpetual snow at this low level. The difference in height, namely, about 9,000 feet, between the snow-line on the Cordillera behind Chiloe (with its highest points ranging from only 5,600 to 7,500 feet) and in central Chile119 (a distance of only 9° of latitude), is truly wonderful. The land from the southward of Chiloe to near Concepcion (lat. 37°) is hidden by one dense forest dripping with moisture. The sky is cloudy, and we have seen how badly the fruits of southern Europe succeed. In central Chile, on the other hand, a little northward of Concepcion, the sky is generally clear, rain does not fall for the seven summer months, and southern European fruits succeed admirably; and even the sugarcane has been cultivated.120 No doubt the plane of perpetual snow undergoes the above remarkable flexure of 9,000 feet, unparalleled in other parts of the world, not far from the latitude of Concepcion, where the land ceases to be covered with forest-trees; for trees in South America indicate a rainy climate, and rain a clouded sky and little heat in summer.

The descent of glaciers to the sea must, I conceive, mainly depend (subject, of course, to a proper supply of snow in the upper region) on the lowness of the line of perpetual snow on steep mountains near the coast. As the snow-line is so low in Tierra del Fuego, we might have expected that many of the glaciers would have reached the sea. Nevertheless, I was astonished when I first saw a range, only from 3,000 to 4,000 feet in height, in the latitude of Cumberland, with every valley filled with streams of ice descending to the seacoast. Almost every arm of the sea, which penetrates to the interior higher chain, not only in Tierra del Fuego, but on the coast for 650 miles northwards, is terminated by “tremendous and astonishing glaciers,” as described by one of the officers on the survey. Great masses of ice frequently fall from these icy cliffs, and the crash reverberates like the broadside of a man-of-war through the lonely channels. These falls, as noticed in the last chapter, produce great waves which break on the adjoining coasts. It is known that earthquakes frequently cause masses of earth to fall from sea-cliffs: how terrific, then, would be the effect of a severe shock (and such occur here121) on a body like a glacier, already in motion, and traversed by fissures! I can readily believe that the water would be fairly beaten back out of the deepest channel, and then, returning with an overwhelming force, would whirl about huge masses of rock like so much chaff. In Eyre’s Sound, in the latitude of Paris, there are immense glaciers, and yet the loftiest neighbouring mountain is only 6,200 feet high. In this Sound, about fifty icebergs were seen at one time floating outwards, and one of them must have been at least 168 feet in total height. Some of the icebergs were loaded with blocks of no inconsiderable size, of granite and other rocks, different from the clay-slate of the surrounding mountains. The glacier furthest from the pole, surveyed during the voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, is in lat. 46° 50′, in the Gulf of Penas. It is 15 miles long, and in one part 7 broad and descends to the seacoast. But even a few miles northward of this glacier, in Laguna de San Rafael, some Spanish missionaries122 encountered “many icebergs, some great, some small, and others middle-sized,” in a narrow arm of the sea, on the 22nd of the month corresponding with our June, and in a latitude corresponding with that of the Lake of Geneva!

-
+
Sketch map of the glacier which reaches the Gulf of Penas, showing the length and width of the glacier, and a morass to the west of it.

In Europe, the most southern glacier which comes down to the sea is met with, according to Von Buch, on the coast of Norway, in lat. 67°. Now, this is more than 20° of latitude, or 1,230 miles, nearer the pole than the Laguna de San Rafael. The position of the glaciers at this place and in the Gulf of Penas may be put even in a more striking point of view, for they descend to the seacoast within 7.5° of latitude, or 450 miles, of a harbour, where three species of Oliva, a Voluta, and a Terebra, are the commonest shells, within less than 9° from where palms grow, within 4.5° of a region where the jaguar and puma range over the plains, less than 2.5° from arborescent grasses, and (looking to the westward in the same hemisphere) less than 2° from orchideous parasites, and within a single degree of tree-ferns!