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Typography

Section titles and ordinals

  1. Section ordinals in the body text are set in Roman numerals.
  2. Section ordinals in a file's <title> element are set in Arabic numerals.
    <title>Chapter VII</title>
    <title>Chapter 7</title>
  3. Section titles are titlecased according to the output of se titlecase. Section titles are not all-caps or small-caps.
  4. Section titles do not have trailing periods.
  5. Chapter titles omit the word Chapter, unless the word used is a stylistic choice for prose style purposes. Chapters with unique identifiers (i.e. not Chapter, but something unique to the style of the book, like Book or Stave) do include that unique identifier in the title.
    <h2 epub:type="title">Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span></h2>
    <h2 epub:type="title z3998:roman">II</h2>
    <h2 epub:type="title">Stave <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span></h2>

    In special cases it may be desirable to retain Chapter for clarity. For example, Frankenstein has “Chapter” in titles to differentiate between the “Letter” sections.

Italics

  1. Using both italics and quotes (outside of the context of quoted dialog) is usually not necessary. Either one or the other is used based on the rules above.
  2. Words and phrases that require emphasis are italicized with the <em> element.
    <p>“Perhaps <em>he</em> was there,” Raoul said, at last.</p>
  3. Strong emphasis, like shouting, may be set in small caps with the <strong> element.
    <p>“<strong>Can’t</strong> I?” screamed the unhappy creature to himself.</p>
  4. When a short phrase within a longer clause is italicized, trailing punctuation that may belong to the containing clause is not italicized.
    <p>“Look at <em>that!</em>” she shouted.</p>
    <p>“Look at <em>that</em>!” she shouted.</p>
  5. When an entire clause is italicized, trailing punctuation is italicized, unless that trailing punctuation is a comma at the end of dialog.

    <p>“<em>Charge!</em>” she shouted.</p>

    <p>“<em>But I want to</em>,” she said.</p>

  6. Words written to be read as sounds are italicized with <i>.
    <p>He could hear the dog barking: <i>Ruff, ruff, ruff!</i></p>

Italicizing individual letters

  1. Individual letters that are read as referring to letters in the alphabet are italicized with the <i> element.
<p>He often rolled his <i>r</i>’s.</p>
  1. Individual letters that are read as referring names or the shape of the letterform are not italicized.
    <p>...due to the loss of what is known in New England as the “L”: that long deep roofed adjunct usually built at right angles to the main house...</p>
    <p>She was learning her A B Cs.</p>
    <p>His trident had the shape of an E.</p>
  2. The ordinal nth is set with an italicized n, and without a hyphen.
    <p>The <i>n</i>th degree.</p>

Italicizing non-English words and phrases

  1. Non-English words and phrases that are not in Merriam-Webster are italicized.
    <p>The <i xml:lang="fr">corps de ballet</i> was flung into consternation.</p>
  2. Foreign words that are proper names, or are in proper names, are not italicized, unless the name itself would be italicized according to the rules for italicizing or quoting names and titles. Such words are wrapped in a <span xml:lang="LANGUAGE"> element, to assist screen readers with pronunciation.
    <p>She got off the metro at the <i xml:lang="fr">Place de Clichy</i> stop, next to the <i xml:lang="fr">PLe Bon Petit Déjeuner restaurant</i>.</p>
    <p>“<i xml:lang="fr">Où est le métro?</i>” he asked, and she pointed to <span xml:lang="fr">Place de Clichy</span>, next to the <span xml:lang="fr">Le Bon Petit Déjeuner</span> restaurant.
  3. If certain foreign words are used so frequently in the text that italicizing them at each instance would be distracting to the reader, then only the first instance is italicized. Subsequent instances are wrapped in a <span xml:lang="LANGUAGE"> element.
  4. Words and phrases that are originally non-English in origin, but that can now be found in Merriam-Webster, are not italicized.
    <p>Sir Percy’s bon mot had gone the round of the brilliant reception-rooms.</p>
  5. Inline-level italics are set using the <i> element with an xml:lang attribute corresponding to the correct IETF language tag.
  6. Block-level italics are set using an xml:lang attribute on the top-level block element, with the style of font-style: italic.

    In this example, note the additional namespace declaration, and that we target descendants of the <body> element; otherwise, the entire <body> element would receive italics!

    @namespace xml "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"; body [xml|lang]{ font-style: italic; }
    <blockquote epub:type="z3998:verse" xml:lang="la"> <p> <span>—gelidas leto scrutata medullas,</span> <br/> <span>Pulmonis rigidi stantes sine vulnere fibras</span> <br/> <span>Invenit, et vocem defuncto in corpore quaerit.</span> </p> </blockquote>

Italicizing or quoting newly-used English words

  1. When introducing new terms, foreign or technical terms are italicized, but terms composed of common English are set in quotation marks.
    <p>English whalers have given this the name “ice blink.”</p> <p>The soil consisted of that igneous gravel called <i>tuff</i>.</p>
  2. English neologisms in works where a special vocabulary is a regular part of the narrative are not italicized. For example science fiction works may necessarily contain made-up English technology words, and those are not italicized. However, “alien” language in such works is italicized.

Italics in names and titles

  1. Place names, like pubs, bars, or buildings, are not quoted.
  2. The names of publications, music, and art that can stand alone are italicized; additionally, the names of transport vessels are italicized. These include, but are not limited to:
    • Periodicals like magazines, newspapers, and journals.
    • Publications like books, novels, plays, and pamphlets, except “holy texts,” like the Bible or books within the Bible.
    • Long poems and ballads, like the Iliad, that are book-length.
    • Long musical compositions or audio, like operas, music albums, or radio shows.
    • Long visual art, like films or a TV show series.
    • Visual art, like paintings or sculptures.
    • Transport vessels, like ships.
  3. The names of short publications, music, or art, that cannot stand alone and are typically part of a larger collection or work, are quoted. These include, but are not limited to:
    • Short musical compositions or audio, like pop songs, arias, or an episode in a radio series.
    • Short prose like novellas, shot stories, or short (i.e. not epic) poems.
    • Chapter titles in a prose work.
    • Essays or individual articles in a newspaper or journal.
    • Short visual art, like short films or episodes in a TV series.

Examples

<p>He read “Candide” while having a pint at the “King’s Head.”</p>
<p>He read <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Candide</i> while having a pint at the King’s Head.</p>

Taxonomy

  1. Binomial names (generic, specific, and subspecific) are italicized with a <i> element having the z3998:taxonomy semantic inflection.
    <p>A bonobo monkey is <i epub:type="z3998:taxonomy">Pan paniscus</i>.</p>
  2. Family, order, class, phylum or division, and kingdom names are capitalized but not italicized.
    <p>A bonobo monkey is in the phylum Chordata, class Mammalia, order Primates.</p>
  3. If a taxonomic name is the same as the common name, it is not italicized.
  4. The second part of the binomial name follows the capitalization style of the source text. Modern usage requires lowercase, but older texts may set it in uppercase.

Capitalization

  1. In general, capitalization follows modern English style. Some very old works frequently capitalize nouns that today are no longer capitalized. These archaic capitalizations are removed, unless doing so would change the meaning of the work.
  2. Text in all caps is almost never correct typography. Instead, such text is changed to the correct case and surround with a semantically-meaningful element like <em> (for emphasis), <strong> (for strong emphasis, like shouting) or <b> (for unsemantic formatting required by the text). <strong> and <b> are styled in small-caps by default in SE ebooks.
    <p>The sign read BOB’S RESTAURANT.</p>
    <p>“CHARGE!” he cried.</p>
    <p>The sign read <b>Bob’s Restaurant</b>.</p>
    <p>“<strong>Charge!</strong>” he cried.</p>
  3. When something is addressed as an apostrophe <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/apostrophe#dictionary-entry-2>.., O is capitalized.
    <p>I carried the bodies into the sea, O walker in the sea!</p>
  4. Titlecasing follows the formula used in the se build-images tool.

Indentation

  1. Body text in a new paragraph that directly follows earlier body text is indented by 1em.
  2. The initial line of body text in a section, or any text following a visible break in text flow, like a header, a scene break, a figure, a block quotation, etc., is not indented.

    For example: in a block quotation, there is a margin before the quotation and after the quotation. Thus, the first line of the quotation is not indented, and the first line of body text after the block quotation is also not indented.

Chapter headers

  1. Epigraphs in chapter have the quote source set in small caps, without a leading em-dash and without a trailing period.
    <header> <h2 epub:type="title z3998:roman">II</h2> <blockquote epub:type="epigraph"> <p>“Desire no more than to thy lot may fall. …”</p> <cite>—Chaucer.</cite> </blockquote> </header>
    header [epub|type~="epigraph"] cite{ font-variant: small-caps; }
    <header> <h2 epub:type="title z3998:roman">II</h2> <blockquote epub:type="epigraph"> <p>“Desire no more than to thy lot may fall. …”</p> <cite>Chaucer</cite> </blockquote> </header>

Ligatures

Ligatures are two or more letters that are combined into a single letter, usually for stylistic purposes. In general they are not used, and are replaced with their respective characters.

<p>Œdipus Rex</p> <p>Archæology</p>
<p>Oedipus Rex</p> <p>Archaeology</p>

Punctuation and spacing

  1. Sentences are single-spaced.
  2. Ampersands in names of things, like firms, are surrounded by no-break spaces.
    <p>The firm of Hawkinsnbsp&amp;nbspHarker.</p>
  3. Some older works include spaces in common contrations; these spaces are removed.
    <p>Would n’t it be nice to go out? It ’s such a nice day.</p>
    <p>Wouldn’t it be nice to go out? It’s such a nice day.</p>

Quotation marks

  1. “Curly” or typographer’s quotes, both single and double, are always be used instead of straight quotes.
    <p>“Don’t do it!” she shouted.</p>
  2. Quotation marks that are directly side-by-side are separated by a hair space (u+200A) character.
    <p>“hairsp‘Green?’ Is that what you said?” asked Dave.</p>
  3. Words with missing letters represent the missing letters with a right single quotation mark (’ or u+2019) character to indicate elision.
    <p>He had pork ’n’ beans for dinner</p>

Ellipses

  1. The ellipses glyph (… or u+2026) is used for ellipses, instead of consecutive or spaced periods.
  2. When ellipses are used as suspension points (for example, to indicate dialog that pauses or trails off), the ellipses is not preceded by a comma.

    Ellipses used to indicate missing words in a quotation require keeping surrounding punctuation, including commas, as that punctuation is in the original quotation.

  3. A hair space (u+200A) glyph is located before all ellipses that are not directly preceded by punctuation, or that are directly preceded by an em-dash or a two- or three-em-dash.
  4. A regular space is located after all ellipses that are not followed by punctuation.
  5. A hair space (u+200A) glyph is located between an ellipses and any punctuation that follows directly after the ellipses, unless that punctuation is a quotation mark, in which case there space at all between the ellipses and the quotation mark.
    <p>“I’m so hungryhairsp… What were you saying about eatinghairsp…?”

Dashes

There are many kinds of dashes, and the run-of-the-mill hyphen is often not the correct dash to use. In particular, hyphens are not used for things like date ranges, phone numbers, or negative numbers.

  1. Dashes of all types do not have white space around them.
  2. Figure dashes (‒ or u+2012) are used to indicate a dash in numbers that aren’t a range, like phone numbers.
    <p>His number is 555‒1234.</p>
  3. Hyphens (- or u+002D) are used to join words, including double-barrel names, or to separate syllables in a word.
    <p>Pre- and post-natal.</p>
    <p>The Smoot-Hawley act.</p>
  4. Minus sign glyphs (− or u+2212) are used to indicate negative numbers, and are used in mathematical equations instead of hyphens to represent the “subtraction” operator.
    <p>It was −5° out yesterday!</p>
    <p>5 − 2 = 3</p>
  5. En-dashes (– or u+2013) are used to indicate a numerical or date range; to indicate a relationships where two concepts are connected by the word “to,” for example a distance between locations or a range between numbers; or to indicate a connection in location between two places.
    <p>We talked 2–3 days ago.</p>
    <p>We took the Berlin–Munich train yesterday.</p>
    <p>I saw the torpedo-boat in the Ems⁠–⁠Jade Canal.</p>

Em-dashes

Em-dashes (— or u+2014) are typically used to offset parenthetical phrases.

# Em-dashes are preceded by the invisible word joiner glyph (u+2060).

  1. Interruption in dialog is set by a single em-dash, not two em-dashes or a two-em-dash.
    <p>“I wouldn’t go as far as that, not myself, butwj——”</p>
    <p>“I wouldn’t go as far as that, not myself, butwj—”</p>

Partially-obscured words

  1. Em-dashes are used for partially-obscured years.
    <p>It was the year 19wj— in the town of Metropolis.</p>
  2. A regular hyphen is used in partially obscured years where only the last number is obscured.
    <p>It was the year 192- in the town of Metropolis.</p>
  3. A two-em-dash (⸺ or u+2E3A) preceded by a word joiner (u+2060) is used in partially obscured word.
    <p>Sally Jwj⸺ walked through town.</p>
  4. A three-em-dash (⸻ or u+2E3B) is used for completely obscured words.
    <p>It was night in the town of ⸻.</p>

Numbers, measurements, and math

  1. Coordinates are set with the prime (′ or u+2032) or double prime (″ or u+2033) glyphs, not single or double quotes.
    <p><abbr>Lat.</abbr> 27° 0' <abbr class="compass">N.</abbr>, <abbr>long.</abbr> 20° 1' <abbr class="compass eoc">W.</abbr></p> <p><abbr>Lat.</abbr> 27° 0’ <abbr class="compass">N.</abbr>, <abbr>long.</abbr> 20° 1’ <abbr class="compass eoc">W.</abbr></p>
    <p><abbr>Lat.</abbr> 27° 0′ <abbr class="compass">N.</abbr>, <abbr>long.</abbr> 20° 1′ <abbr class="compass eoc">W.</abbr></p>
  2. Ordinals for Arabic numbers are as follows: st, nd, rd, th.
    <p>The 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th.</p>
    <p>The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th.</p>

Roman numerals

  1. Roman numerals are not followed by trailing periods, unless for grammatical reasons.
  2. Roman numerals are set using ASCII, not the Unicode Roman numeral glyphs.
  3. Roman numerals are not followed by ordinal indicators.
    <p>Henry the <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span>th had six wives.</p>
    <p>Henry the <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span> had six wives.</p>

Fractions

  1. Fractions are set in their appropriate Unicode glyph, if a glyph available; for example, ½, ¼, ¾ and u+00BC–u+00BE and u+2150–u+2189.</p>
    <p>I need 1/4 cup of sugar.</p>
    <p>I need ¼ cup of sugar.</p>
  2. If a fraction doesn't have a corresponding Unicode glyph, it is composed using the fraction slash Unicode glyph (⁄ or u+2044) and superscript/subscript Unicode numbers. See this Wikipedia entry for more details.
    <p>Roughly 6/10 of a mile.</p>
    <p>Roughly ⁶⁄₁₀ of a mile.</p>

Measurements

  1. Dimension measurements are set using the Unicode multiplication glyph (× or u+00D7), not the ASCII letter x or X.
    <p>The board was 4 x 3 x 7 feet.</p>
    <p>The board was 4 × 3 × 7 feet.</p>
  2. Feet and inches in shorthand are set using the prime (′ or u+2032) or double prime (″ or u+2033) glyphs (not single or double quotes), with a no-break space (u+00A0) separating consecutive feet and inch measurements.
    <p>He was 6'nbsp1" in height.</p> <p>He was 6’nbsp1” in height.</p>
    <p>He was 6′nbsp1″ in height.</p>
  3. When forming a compound of a number and unit of measurement in which the measurement is abbreviated, the number and unit of measurement are separated with a no-break space (u+0A00), not a dash.
    <p>A 12-mm pistol.</p>
    <p>A 12nbspmm pistol.</p>

Math

  1. In works that are not math-oriented or that dont't have a significant amount of mathematical equations, equations are set using regular HTML and Unicode.
    1. Operators and operands in mathematical equations are separated by a space.
      <p>6−2+2=6</p>
      <p>6 − 2 + 2 = 6</p>
    2. Operators like subtraction (− or u+2212), multiplication (× or u+00D7), and equivalence (≡ or u+2261) are set using their corresponding Unicode glyphs, not a hyphen or x. Almost all mathematical operators have a corresponding special Unicode glyph.
      <p>6 - 2 x 2 == 2</p>
      <p>6 − 2 × 2 ≡ 2</p>
  2. In works that are math-oriented or that have a significant amount of math, all variables, equations, and other mathematical objects are set using MathML.
    1. When MathML is used in a file, the m namespace is declared at the top of the file and used for all subsequent MathML code, as follows:
      xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"

      This namespace is declared and used even if there is just a single MathML equation in a file.

      <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" ub:prefix="z3998: http://www.daisy.org/z3998/2012/vocab/structure/, se: https://standardebooks.org/vocab/1.0" xml:lang="en-GB"> ... <p> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="x"> <ci>x</ci> </math> </p>
      <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" epub:prefix="z3998: http://www.daisy.org/z3998/2012/vocab/structure/, se: https://standardebooks.org/vocab/1.0" xml:lang="en-GB"> ... <p> <m:math alttext="x"> <m:ci>x</m:ci> </m:math> </p>
    2. When possible, Content MathML is used over Presentational MathML. (This may not always be possible depending on the complexity of the work.)
      <p> <m:math alttext="x + 1 = y"> <m:apply> <m:equals/> <m:apply> <m:plus/> <m:ci>x</m:ci> <m:cn>1</m:cn> </m:apply> <m:ci>y</m:ci> </m:apply> </m:math> </p>
    3. Each <m:math> element has an alttext attribute.
      1. The alttext attribute describes the contents in the element in plain-text Unicode according to the rules in this specification.
      2. Operators in the alttext attribute are surrounded by a single space.
        <p> <m:math alttext="x+1=y"> <m:apply> <m:equals/> <m:apply> <m:plus/> <m:ci>x</m:ci> <m:cn>1</m:cn> </m:apply> <m:ci>y</m:ci> </m:apply> </m:math> </p>
        <p> <m:math alttext="x + 1 = y"> <m:apply> <m:equals/> <m:apply> <m:plus/> <m:ci>x</m:ci> <m:cn>1</m:cn> </m:apply> <m:ci>y</m:ci> </m:apply> </m:math> </p>
    4. When using Presentational MathML, <m:mrow> is used to group subexpressions, but only when necessary. Many elements in MathML, like <m:math> and <m:mtd>, imply <m:mrow> and redundant elements are not desirable. See this section of the MathML spec for more details.
      <p> <m:math alttext="x"> <m:mrow> <m:mi>x</m:mi> </m:mrow> </m:math> </p>
      <p> <m:math alttext="x"> <m:mi>x</m:mi> </m:math> </p>
    5. If a Presentational MathML expression contains a function, the invisible Unicode function application glyph (u+2061) is used as an operator between the function name and its operand. This element looks exactly like the following, including the comment for readability: <m:mo>⁡<!--hidden u+2061 function application--></m:mo>. (Note that the preceding element contains an invisible Unicode character! It can be revealed with the se unicode-names tool.)
      <p> <m:math alttext="f(x)"> <m:mi>f</m:mi> <m:row> <m:mo fence="true">(</m:mo> <m:mi>x</m:mi> <m:mo fence="true">)</m:mo> </m:row> </m:math> </p>
      <p> <m:math alttext="f(x)"> <m:mi>f</m:mi> <m:mo>⁡u+2061</span><!--hidden u+2061 function application--></m:mo> <m:row> <m:mo fence="true">(</m:mo> <m:mi>x</m:mi> <m:mo fence="true">)</m:mo> </m:row> </m:math> </p>
    6. Expressions grouped by parenthesis or brackets are wrapped in an <m:row> element, and fence characters are set using the <m:mo fence="true"> element. Separators are set using the <m:mo separator="true"> element. <m:mfenced>, which used to imply both fences and separators, is deprecated and thus is not used.
      <p> <m:math alttext="f(x,y)"> <m:mi>f</m:mi> <m:mo>⁡u+2061</span><!--hidden u+2061 function application--></m:mo> <m:fenced> <m:mi>x</m:mi> <m:mi>y</m:mi> </m:fenced> </m:math> </p>
      <p> <m:math alttext="f(x,y)"> <m:mi>f</m:mi> <m:mo>⁡u+2061</span><!--hidden u+2061 function application--></m:mo> <m:row> <m:mo fence="true">(</m:mo> <m:mi>x</m:mi> <m:mo separator="true">,</m:mo> <m:mi>x</m:mi> <m:mo fence="true">)</m:mo> </m:row> </m:math> </p>
    7. If a MathML variable includes an overline, it is set by combining the variable's normal Unicode glyph and the Unicode overline glyph (‾ or u+203E) in a <m:mover> element. However in the alttext attribute, the Unicode overline combining mark (u+0305) is used to represent the overline in Unicode.
      <p> <m:math alttext="x̅"> <m:mover> <m:mi>x</m:mi> <m:mo>‾</m:mo> </m:mover> </m:math> </p>

Latinisms

  1. Latinisms (except sic) that can be found in a modern dictionary are not italicized. Examples include e.g., i.e., ad hoc, viz., ibid., etc.. The exception is sic, which is always italicized.
  2. Whole passages of Latin language and Latinisms that aren’t found in a modern dictionary are italicized.
  3. “&c;” is not used, and is replaced with “etc.”
  4. For “Ibid.,” see Endnotes.
  5. Latinisms that are abbreviations are set in lowercase with periods between words and no spaces between them, except BC, AD, BCE, and CE, which are set without periods, in small caps, and wrapped with <abbr class="era">:
    abbr.era{ font-variant: all-small-caps; }
    <p>Julius Caesar was born around 100 <abbr class="era">BC</abbr>.</p>

Initials and abbreviations

  1. “OK” is set without periods or spaces. It is not an abbreviation.
  2. When an abbreviation contains a terminal period, its <abbr> tag has the additional eoc class (End of Clause) if the terminal period is also the last period in clause. Such sentences do not have two consecutive periods.
    <p>She loved Italian food like pizza, pasta, <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr></p>
    <p>He lists his name alphabetically as Johnson, <abbr class="name eoc">R. A.</abbr></p>
    <p>His favorite hobby was <abbr class="acronym">SCUBA</abbr>.</p>
  3. Initialisms, postal codes, and abbreviated US states are set in all caps, without periods or spaces.
  4. Acronyms (terms made up of initials and pronounced as one word, like NASA, SCUBA, or NATO) are set in small caps, without periods, and are wrapped in an <abbr class="acronym"> element.
    abbr.acronym{ font-variant: all-small-caps; }
    <p>He was hired by <abbr class="acronym">NASA</abbr> last week.</p>
  5. Initialisms (terms made up of initials in which each initial is pronounced separately, like ABC, HTML, or CSS) are set with without periods and are wrapped in an <abbr class="initialism"> element.
    <p>He was hired by the <abbr class="initialism">FBI</abbr> last week.</p>
  6. Initials of people’s names are each separated by periods and spaces. The group of initials is wrapped in an <abbr class="name"> element.
    <p><abbr class="name">H. P.</abbr> Lovecraft described himself as an aged antiquarian.</p>
  7. Academic degrees, except ones that include a lowercase letter (like PhD) are wrapped in an <abbr class="degree"> element. For example: BA, BD, BFA, BM, BS, DB, DD, DDS, DO, DVM, JD, LHD, LLB, LLD, LLM, MA, MBA, MD, MFA, MS, MSN.
    <p>Judith Douglas, <abbr class="degree">DDS</abbr>.</p>
  8. State names and postal codes are wrapped in an <abbr class="postal"> element.
    <p>Washington <abbr class="postal">DC</abbr>.</p>
  9. Abbreviations that are abbreviations of a single word, and that are not acronyms or initialisms (like Mr., Mrs., or lbs.) are set with <abbr>.
    1. Abbreviations ending in a lowercase letter are set without spaces and followed by a period.
    2. Abbreviations without lowercase letters are set without spaces and without a trailing period.
    3. Abbreviations that describes the next word, like Mr., Mrs., Mt., and St., are set with a no-break space between the abbreviation and its target.
      <p>He called on <abbr>Mrs.</abbr>nbspJones yesterday.</p>
  10. Compass points are separated by periods and spaces. The group of points are wrapped in an <abbr class="compass"> element.
    <p>He traveled <abbr class="compass">S.</abbr>, <abbr class="compass">N. W.</abbr>, then <abbr class="compass eoc">E. S. E.</abbr></p>

Times

  1. Times in a.m. and p.m. format are set in lowercase, with periods, and without spaces.
  2. “a.m.” and “p.m.” are wrapped in an <abbr class="time"> element.

Times as digits

  1. Digits in times are separated by a colon, not a period or comma.
  2. Times written in digits followed by “a.m.” or “p.m.” are set with a no-break space between the digit and “a.m.” or “p.m.”.
    <p>He called at 6:40nbsp<abbr class="time eoc">a.m.</abbr></p>

Times as words

  1. Words in a spelled-out time are separated by spaces, unless they appear before a noun, where they are separated by a hyphen.
    <p>He arrived at five thirty.</p>
    <p>They took the twelve-thirty train.</p>
  2. Times written in words followed by “a.m.” or “p.m.” are set with a regular space between the time and “a.m.” or “p.m.”.
    <p>She wasn’t up till seven <abbr class="time eoc">a.m.</abbr></p>
  3. Military times that are spelled out (for example, in dialog) are set with dashes. Leading zeros are spelled out as “oh”.
    <p>He arrived at oh-nine-hundred.</p>

Chemicals and compounds

  1. Molecular compounds are set in Roman, without spaces, and wrapped in an <abbr class="compound"> element.
    <p>He put extra <abbr class="compound">NaCl</abbr> on his dinner.</p>
  2. Elements in a molecular compound are capitalized according to their listing in the periodic table.
  3. Amounts of an element in a molecular compound are set in subscript with a <sub> element.
    <p>She drank eight glasses of <abbr class="compound">H<sub>2</sub>O</abbr> a day.</p>

Temperatures

  1. The minus sign glyph (− or u+2212), not the hyphen glyph, is used to indicate negative numbers.
  2. Either the degree glyph (° or u+00B0) or the word “degrees” is acceptable. Works that use both are normalize to use the dominant method.

Abbreviated units of temperature

Units of temperature measurement, like Farenheit or Celcius, may be abbreviated to “F” or “C”.

  1. Units of temperature measurement do not have trailing periods.
  2. If an abbreviate unit of temperature measurement is preceded by a number, the unit of measurement is first preceded by a hair space (u+200A).
  3. Abbreviated units of measurement are set in small caps.
  4. Abbreviated units of measurement are wrapped in an <abbr class="temperature"> element.
    abbr.temperature{ font-variant: all-small-caps; }
    <p>It was −23.33° Celsius (or −10°hairsp<abbr class="temperature">F</abbr>) last night.</p>

Scansion

Scansion is the representation of the metrical stresses in lines of verse.

  1. × (u+00d7) indicates an unstressed sylllable and / (u+002f) indicates a stressed syllable. They are separated from each other with no-break spaces.

Morse Code

Any Morse code that appears in a book will have to be changed to fit SE's format.

American Morse Code

  1. The middle dot glyph (U+00B7) is used for the short mark or dot.
  2. The en dash (U+2013) is used for the longer mark or short dash.
  3. The em dash (U+2014) is used for the long dash (the letter L).
  4. If two en dashes are placed next to each other, a hair space (U+200A) must be placed in between them to keep the glyphs from merging into a longer dash.
  5. Only in American Morse Code, there are internal gaps used between glyphs in the letters C,O,R, or Z. Use a no-break space (U+00A0) for this gap.
  6. Use en spaces (U+2002) between letters.
  7. Use em spaces (U+2003) between words.
    <p>-- .. .. __ .. - - __ . . .. __ -.. .. . .- -</p> <p>My little old cat.</p>
    <p>– – ·· ·· — ·· – – — · · · — –·· ·· · ·– –</p> <p>My little old cat.</p>